[xv] At the end of any scholarly project, the author is faced with the difficulty of adequately expressing gratitude for the assistance received along the way. In my own case, the list of helpful persons and institutions is long and the gratitude profound. I would like to begin by thanking Joan Connelly Ullman of the University of Washington, who has given generously of her time, knowledge, and friendship at every stage of this project. The manuscript has benefited enormously from her critical insight and her unflagging attention to detail. I am also indebted to Stanley Payne, Standish Meacham, Richard Graham, and Edward Malefakis, and to Lewis Bateman of The University of North Carolina Press, who read all or parts of the manuscript and offered helpful comments and suggestions for revision. All remaining errors of fact or deficiencies of interpretation are of course my own.

Special thanks are due the Marqués de Santo Floro, who generously allowed me to consult the archive of his father, the Conde de Romanones, and the Fundación Antonio Maura, which gave me permission to use the papers in its possession. I would also like to thank Burnett Bolloten for his bibliographic assistance at an early stage of the project; Shannon Fleming for sharing his expert insights into the Moroccan problem; Ricardo de la Cierva, José Antonio Maravall, Julio Busquets Bragulat, Amando de Miguel, Captain Miguel Alonso Baquer, Colonel Ramón Salas Larrazábal, Colonel José María Gárate Córdoba, and other Spanish scholars for their advice and assistance during several research trips to Spain; the officers and staff at the Servicio Histórico Militar, and the staffs of the Biblioteca Nacional and the Hemeroteca Municipal for their cooperation and attentiveness. The manuscript was ably and efficiently typed by Mrs. R. C. Stephenson. David Ridner prepared the map; Lorraine Mills, the index. I would like to thank them, along with Martha Dukas and Judith Gran of the Middle Eastern Collection at The University of Texas, who helped me resolve [xvi] the difficult problem of transliteration of North African proper names and place-names.

Portions of the research were supported by grants from the American Association of University Women, the University of Texas Research Institute, and the American Council of Learned Societies. I would like to express my appreciation to each of these granting agencies.

My deepest gratitude, however, is reserved for my husband, Frank Bean, whose editorial advice, moral support, and endless patience made it possible for me to complete this study. This book is dedicated to him.