AN HISTORICAL ESSAY ON MODERN SPAIN
RICHARD
HERR
Index
To Pagination in Original 1974 University of California Press Edition
[303]
Abortion, 299
Afrancesados, 71
Agricultural credit, banks of, 146,249
Agricultural reform, 55, 59-60, 166-68,175, 220, 262-63
Agriculture, 15th c., 46; 19th c., 93-94,103, 118;
20th c., 146, 168; after 1940, 21, 221, 233, 238,
247-50, 264;see also Land-ownership; Strikes,
agricultural; Workers, agricultural
Alianza Popular, 294
Alba, Dukes of, 57
Albacete, 201
Albareda, J. M., 227
Alberti, R., 166, 240
Alcalá Zamora, N., 155-57, 162,171, 174, 176,181-84
Alcaldes, 8, 88, 91, 94, 101, 159,216, 230
Alcoy, 109
Aleixandre, V., 166, 240
Alfonso I of Aragon, 37
Alfonso VI of Castile, 37
Alfonso XII, 104, 110, 113, 115, 121, 298
Alfonso XIII, 113, 298; 1902-23, 122-23, 128,130, 136-38;
1923-30, 140, 143, 150-55; fall, 156, 160
Allende, S., 289
Almadén mines, 95
Almirall, V., 127
Alonso, D., 240
Altamira, R., 134
Amadeo (king), 106-7
America---see Spanish Empire
American Revolution, 298
Amigos del País, 53, 59, 64, 66,123, 125
Amnesty, 1975-76, 291
Anarchists (anarchism), 16, 128-32, 199,231, 271,
275-76; in Andalusia,
137, 166-67, 269, 274-75; in
Civil War,191, 193, 195, 196, 203-5
Anarcho-syndicalists, 129, 131, 169
Andalusia, 3
Apostólicos, 81
Aragon, 3; Community of, 300; crown of, 41, 47;
kingdom of,40, 41, 43; front, 207; population, 47; see also Fueros
Aranda, Count of, 54, 58, 59, 66
Aranguren, J., 15, 18
Aranjuez, 69, 70
Arbor, 227-28, 257
Arguelles, A., 73, 75, 85
Arias Navarro, C., 292, 293
Arias Salgado, G., 238
Aribau, B. C., 107
Aristocracy, 47, 56-59, 79, 84, 93-94,97-98; see also Hidalgos
Armed Police, 9, 213
Army, political role to 1930, 87-90,
122-23,135-36, 152;
187-89, 196,198; under Franco, 6, 9-11, 214, 217,219,234, 236
Army of Africa, 189-90, 195
Assault Guard, 161, 187, 213
Associations, Law of, 115, 129
Asturias, 3, 40, 117, 119, 176-77, 207
Ateneo de Madrid, 123, 126, 149, 157, 227
Automobiles, 133, 144-45, 243; manufacture of, 19
Autonomy, Statutes of, 296, 300; see also Communities
Auxilio Social, 217-18
Aviles,
12-13, 222,243, 244
Avui, 290
Ayuntamientos, 8, 57, 73, 88; Lawof, 89, 91, 94
Azana, M., 1931-33, 157-58, 160-62, 168-71;1935, 178;
spring 1936, 182-84, 186-87, 198; in Civil War, 188,
194, 204,205, 207, 209
Aznar, J. B., 155
Aznar, J. M., 297
Badajoz massacre, 189-90
Badajoz Plan, 248
Balaguer, V., 107
Balearic Islands, 3, 36, 40
Balmes, J., 90
Banks, 23, 96-97, 119-20, 146, 245-46,257, 260
Barcelona, 19th c., 82, 90; 1900-30, 130,136, 139,
146-47; 1931-39, 156, 176-77, 204-5, 208-9;
population, 117,244, 253, 266
Baroja, P., 126
Basque Provinces, 3, 36, 40; and Carlists,82, 272,
274; industry, 60, 94, 118-19, 244, 246; population,
266; Statute of Autonomy, 296, 300; see also Fueros
Basque regionalism (nationalists), to 1930,62, 128,
275; 1931-39, 158, 160, 194, 197, 206, 264; 1940-75,
7, 12, 254,266, 285; after 1975. 291, 295-96, 300-301, see also ETA
Bayonne, 70
Berenguer, D., 154
Besteiro, J., 209
Bilbao, 82, 207
Birth control, 299
"Black Legend," 52
Blasco Ibanez, V., 134
Blue Division, 229
Blum, L., 199-200, 206
Bosch Gimpera, P., 149
Bravo Murillo, J., 100
Brenan, G., 275
Breton, T., 133
Brunete, 220; Battle of, 207
Bunuel, L., 149, 166
Burgos, 46
[304]
Cabanellas, M., 195
Caciquismo, 115-16, 126, 156, 158,273; decline of, 138, 152, 183, 260
Cadiz, 20, 61, 64, 72, 108
Calderón, 29
Calvo Serer, R., 227, 257
Calvo Sotelo, J., 146, 151, 176, 182, 185-87
Cambio 16, 290
Cambo, F., 127, 136, 139, 150, 151, 154,158
Campomanes, P. Rodriguez de, 58-62, 68
"La Canadiense," 120, 138
Canalejas, J., 128
Canary Islands, 3, 117
Canito, E., 240
Cano, J. L., 240
Canogar, R., 242
Cánovas del Castillo, A., 100, 113-15,123-24, 128, 283, 297
Cantabria, 300
Captains General, 9, 45, 188
Carlist War, 82-83, 85-86, 215, 262-63,272
Carlists, 19th c., 87, 89, 91, 97, 99,101, 105, 115,
274; 1830s, 82, 85-86, 94; rising 1870s, 106, 128;
1920s,148; 1936-39, 186, 189, 195-97, 214-15; 1960s, 6
Carlos, Don, 81, 82, 85
Carrero Blanco, L., 6, 258
Carrillo, S., 290, 294
Cartagena, 108, 110
Casado, S., 209
Casares Quiroga, S., 160, 184, 187-88
Casas Viejas, 169-71
Castelar, E., 104-5, 110, 124
Castiella, F. M., 258-59
Castilblanco, 169
Castile, 3, 40-42; population, 46-47
Castilian language, 36
Castillo, J., 187
Castro, A., 31, 49, 125, 149, 165, 281, 304
Catalan Center, 127
Catalan language, 36
Catalan regionalism (nationalists), before1800, 43-45,
62-63; 19th c., 107, 112, 126-27, 274-75; 1900-1930,
122,130, 136, 150; 1931-39, 159-60, 175, 206, 264;
1940-75, 12, 266; after 1975, 291, 295-96, 300
Catalan Statute, 159-60, 181, 216, 295-96, 300
Catalanist Union, 127
Catalonia, 3, 40-41; and Carlists, 82,272, 274;
industry, 60-61, 94, 118-19, 168, 244, 246;
population, 47, 116-17,266; see also Fueros Catastro,
58, 269
Catholic Action, 12, 171, 227, 231, 238
Catholic Church (clergy), 19th c., 74, 76, 84-86,92-93, 121-22;
1920s, 148; 1931-39, 156-57, 161-64, 170-71, 198-97,
215;1940-74, 6, 10-12, 214, 234, 239, 263, 281; after 1975, 291, 299
property, 47, 56-57, 71;see also Concordat, Disentail, Religious orders
Catholic Free Syndicates, 139
Cavestany, R., 250
Cela, C. J., 241
Censor, El, 53
Center of Historical Studies, 125
Central Committee of the Antifascist Militiasof
Catalonia, 192-93, 195
Cernuda, L., 166, 240
Cervantes, 10, 29, 48
Charles I (V), 32, 42
Charles II, 44
Charles III, 5, 50-52, 54-55, 58, 61, 65,92
Charles IV, 65-70, 76
Charles of Habsburg, Archduke, 44
Christian Democrats, 17-18, 255
Cities, 63-64, 96, 117, 133, 280-81; see also Population
Civil Guard, founded, 91; 19th c., 94,97, 103-4, 129,
272; 1900-1930, 129, 137, 139; 1931-39, 156, 161,
169,177, 188; after 1940, 9, 212-13, 238
Civil War, 2, 26, 62, 188-210, 262-63,282; Foreign
powers and, 189, 199-201, 203-4, 206-8
Colegios mayores, 224-25, 227, 251
Colonization--see Institute of Colonization
Columbus, 32
Comités paritarios, 147, 169
Common Market, 22, 286
Communist Party (Communists), founded,139; 1934-36,
181-82; in Civil War, 192,194, 202-4, 208; policy in
Civil War,204-7; 1940-1975, 1, 16-17, 212, 231: after 1975, 290, 294-95
Communities (after 1978), 295, 300
Compañía Arrendataria delMonopolio de
Petro1eos, S. A. (CAMPSA),146
Companys, L., 175, 177, 192, 195, 217
Comuneros, 42, 80
Concordat, of 1753, 54; of 1851, 92-93,97, 101, 121,
161; of 1953, 10, 239,258
Confederación Española de Derechas Autónomas (CEDA), 17, 171-72, 174, 176-78, 181-82
Confederación Nacional del Trabajo(CNT),
founded, 130; 1910-30, 132,135-36, 138-39, 147;
1931-35, 154, 169-70, 175; 1936-39,184, 192-94, 204;
1952, 254
Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, 225, 227-28, 235, 254-55
Conservative Party, 113-15, 138, 150
Constitution, of 1812, 73, 75-77, 79, 83,85, 111; of
1837, 85-86, 88, 298; of 1845, 91-92, 102, 114; of 1856,
101, 103,105; of 1869, 106; of 1876, 114, 298; draft of
1929, 144; of 1931, 158-59, 161-62; of 1978, 295, 297, 299;
written constitutions, 298
Conversos, 38-39
Cooperatives, 221, 249
Corporations, 96, 119, 146, 246, 259
Correo de Madrid, 53
Cortes, of Crown of Aragon, 41, 45; of Castile, 41, 45;
of Cadiz, 72-74, 76, 78, 262; dissolved in 1923,
140; structure in 1837, 85; in 1845, 91, 97-98; in
1856, 101; in 1869, 105-6;in 1876, 114; in 1929, 144;
in 1931, 159; in 1942, 7, 229-30, 232; in 1967,7-8,
284, 287; after 1975, 292, 293, 295, 300
Cossio, M., 165
Costa, J., 126, 142, 144, 164
Council of Regency, 7, 232
Council of the Realm, 7-8, 232, 287, 292-93
Court of Constitutional Guarantees, 159,175
Cuadernos para el diálogo, 284
Cuba, 78, 108, 118-19, 122, 127
Cuixart, M., 242
Daladier, E., 206, 208
Dalí, S., 149, 241
Dams, 220, 242, 248; see also Electricity, Irrigation
Dato, E., 135-36
Debate, El, 133
Decree laws, 293-94
Delibes, M., 241
Democrats, 102, 105, 272
Deusto, College of, 151
[305]
Development Plan, 21-22, 264
Diari Catala, 127
Directory, 140, 142-43, 154
Disentail, municipal properties, 101-3; church properties, 68, 84-85, 90, 93-94, 101-3
Divorce, 299
Domingo, M., 164
Donoso, Cortes, J. F., 90
Durruti, B., 193, 202
Ebro River, Battle of, 207-8
Education, 19th c., 92, 103, 121, 123-24;1931-36,
163-65, 181; after 1940, 10, 223-28, 251-52; see also
Universities
Elections, 88, 91-92; 1810, 72; 1813, 75;1822, 80;
1836, 85; 1869, 105; 1873, 108; 1876, 114; 1901, 127;
1907, 128;1909, 131; 1918, 138; 1931, 155-56, 158;
1933, 171-72; 1936, 182-83; 1967,8; 1977, 294;
1979, 296; 1982, 297; see also Caciquismo
El País, 290
Electricity, 21, 120, 133, 145, 166, 233,248
Emigration, 24, 117, 209, 253
Enlightenment, 52-54, 56, 271, 283
Enrique y Tarancón, Cardinal V., 291, 299
Ensenada, Marquis de la, 51, 58, 63
Escorial, El, 49, 216
Escriva de Balaguer, J. M., 225-26
Espartero, B., 98, 122; 1839-43, 85, 89-91;1854-56, 100-102
Espíritu de los mejores diarios literatos, 53
Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya, 1931-35,155-56, 158, 175; 1936, 182, 192, 194
Estat Catala, 139, 150
Estatuto Real, 83, 85
ETA, 289-96, 301
Euro (currency), 304
European Economic Community (European Union), 297, 301
Euskadi, 300
Exaltados, 79-80, 83-85
Fal Conde, M., 214
Falange, to July, 1936, 179-80, 183, 186-87; in Civil
War, 190, 195, 197-98; buries founder, 216; policies
after 1940,221-22, 225, 227, 234, 239, 255; position
under Franco, 218-19, 231, 237-38;structure under
Franco, 7-8, 214-15, 217; see also Movimiento Nacional
Falla, M. de, 134
Fannelli, G., 109
Federación Anarquista Ibérica (FAI), 147, 169, 192
Federación Nacional de Trabajadoresde la Tierra (FNTT), 166, 167, 184
Federación Universitaria Escolar (FUE), 149-51, 179-80, 223, 235
Feijoo, B. J., 52
Feito, L., 242
Felipe, L., 240
Ferdinand of Aragon, 37-38, 40-42, 46
Ferdinand III of Castile, 37
Ferdinand VI, 51-52, 54, 58
Ferdinand VII, to 1814, 69-71, 77-78; 1814-20,75-76, 78, 271-72; 1820-33, 79-82, 298
Fernández Cuesta, B.., 238, 257
Fernández Miranda, T., 292, 293
Ferrer, F., 130
Figueras, E., 108
Figuerola, L., 108, 124
Floridablanca, Count of, 1776-88, 54-55,59, 63;
1789-92, 65-67; 1808, 70
Fomento del Trabajo Nacional, 127
Foreign Legion, 4, 177, 186, 189, 198,203
Fraga Iribarne, M., 284
Franco, F., biography, 3-5, to July 1936,177, 181,
183, 186; in Civil War, 187, 189-90, 206-7, 209; death, 289-90, 293
domestic policy,general, 10, 39, 210, 260-61, 263, 298, 301; in
Civil War, 107 212, 216-17; 1940s, 219-22, 224, 232,
236;1950s, 238-39, 254-56, 259-60; 1960s,1, 285-87;
foreign policy, 25, 200, 222, 229-31, 235; Head of
State, 5-6,195, 213, 229-30, 232, 237; legitimacy of,
284-88; ministry (cabinet) of, 5-6, 245, l936 213,
1938, 214, 218-19,1942, 229 1945 231, 1951, 237, 1957,
22, 257-58; President of the Government,8, 287;
succession to, 26-27, 287-88; see also Succession, Law
of Freemasons, 28, 163, 212; see also Masonic Lodges
French Revolution, influence of, 65, 67,76, 282, 298
Frente de Juventudes, 217, 228
Fuerza Nueva, 290, 295
Fuero de los Españoles, 230, 239,286, 291
Fuero del Trabajo, 215-16, 218, 229, 234-35
Fueros, 41; Aragon, 43, 45; BasqueProvinces, 45, 85,
91, 128; Catalonia, 44; Navarre, 45, 85
Galicia, 3, 36, 40, 117; Statute of Autonomy, 296, 300
Gallegan Republican Party, 158, 160
Gandesa, Battle of, 207-8
Garcia Lorca, F., 149, 165-66, 190, 240
Garcia Morente, M., 165
Generalitat, 160, 177, 192, 195, 216, 300
Generation of '98, 33, 126, 145, 150, 164,196
Gibraltar, 44, 51
Gil Robles, J. M., 1933-34, 171-72, 174-76;1935,
178-79, 182, 185; 1936, 186, 187, 213; after 1954,
17-18, 255-56
Giménez Fernandez, M., 18
Giner de los Ríos, F., 124-26, 151,164, 228
Giral, J., 188, 192, 194, 199, 205, 207
Gironella, J. M., 179
Gobernación, Minister of, 8, 92, 115
Goded, M., 186
Godoy, M., 66-69, 76
Goma, I., 197
González F., 294, 297
González Bueno, P., 218
Goya, F., 51
Granada, 41
Granados, E., 134
Granja, La, 52, 85
GRAPO, 290
Greco, El, 48
Grimau, J., 1-2, 9
Gris, J., 134, 241
Guadalajara, Battle of, 203
Guernica, 207; Basque Assembly at, 296, 300
Guillen, J., 166, 240
Gutiérrez Mellado, 293, 294
Hedilla, M., 214
Hermandades Obreras de Acción Cató1ica (HOAC), 12-14
Hernandez, M., 240
Herrera, A., 171
Hidalgos, 38, 57, 59; see alsoAristocracy
Hispanidad, 25, 36, 147, 231
Hitler, A., 173, 189, 200, 208, 216, 222,229
Holy Alliance, 77, 80, 82
Hugo Carlos de Borbon Parma, 6
Ibanez Martin, J., 223, 225, 227-28, 238
Ibarruri, D. (La Pasionaria), 202, 208
Iglesias, P., 131, 148
[306]
Industry, 16th c., 47; 18th c., 60-62;19th c., 78, 94,
118-19; 1900-1936,120-21, 168-69; after 1940, 19-20,
22, 221-22, 233, 243-44,248-49
Inquisition, 55-56, 59, 67, 71, 78; abolished,71, 74, 79, 93
Institución Libre de Enseñanza,124-25, 136, 145, 196, 223, 225, 228
Institute of Agrarian Reform, 167
Institute of Colonization, 220, 248
Institute of Social Reforms, 144, 147
Instituto Escuela, 125, 223
Instituto Nacional de Industria (INI), 221-22, 235, 242-46, 248-49, 259-60
Insula, 240
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, 259
International Brigades, 201-3, 207-8
International Monetary Fund, 259
International Workingmen's Association,109
Investment, Foreign, 23, 95-97, 120, 200,204, 222, 259-60
Irrigation, 21, 144, 166, 248
Isabel of Castile, 37-38, 40-42, 46
Isabel II, minority, 82, 85, 88; as queen,87, 90, 100, 102, 104-5, 298
Jackson, G., 191, 212
James I of Aragon, 37
Jansenists, 54, 56, 64, 67, 74, 262
Jarama River, Battle of, 203
Jaranda, see Sotillo
Jefe politico, 88, 115
Jesuits, 28, 163; 18th c., 54, 58; 19thc., 78-79; 20th c., 151, 162, 181,227
Jews, 31-32, 38-39, 50
Joseph Bonaparte, 70-71, 75, 111, 127
Jovellanos, G. M., 59-60, 67, 70, 73, 124,164
Juan (son of Alfonso XIII), 6, 287
Juan Carlos, as prince, 6, 286-88; as king, 1975-81, 291-96; after 1981, 298-99
Juan de la Cruz, San, 29
Junta of National Defense (Burgos), 195
Junta para Ampliación de Estudios,125, 149, 223, 225
Junta, Supreme Central, 70-72, 74
Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista (JONS), 179-80, 214
Juntas Militaries de Defensa, 135-36, 138
Jurados mixtos, 169, 218
Juventud Obrera Católica (JOC), 13-14
Juventudes de Action Popular (JAP), 179
Krausismo, 124
Kroeber,
A. L., 267-69
Lafargue, P., 131
Lain Entralgo, P., 18, 238, 255, 257
Landownership, 56-58, 93-94, 264; see also Disentail
Largo Caballero, F., and UGT, 136, 148, 206; in 2d
Republic, 158, 168-70, 176;and Popular Front, 181,
183-85, 187-88, 197; head of govt., 194, 200, 202-5
Ledesma Ramos, R., 179-80
Lerroux, A., to 1933, 129-30, 155, 157,170-72; head of
govt., 174-75, 177-78, 180-81, 186, 213
Liberal Conservative Party, 113
Liberal Party, 114-15, 125, 138, 150
Liberal Republican Right Party, 155, 157
Liberal Union, 101, 104-5, 114
Liberals, 1810-14, 73-76, 271-72; after1820, 79, 85, 93
Lliga Regionalista, 1901-14, 127, 130;1917-23, 136-37,
139, 141, 150; 1930-31, 154-55, 158
Llopis, R., 17
Lope de Vega, 48
Lopez Rodo, L., 22, 258
Lorenzo Pardo, M., 144, 166
Louis XVI (France), 65, 67, 298
Loyalists, 196
Machado, A., 126
Macia, F., 139, 150, 155-56, 158-59, 175
Madariaga, S. de, 165
Madoz, P., 101-2
Madrid, 84, 96, 193; Battle of, 202-3,209; Community of, 300;
financial center, 245--47; industry, 264; population, 20, 117, 244,253
Madrid, Pact of--see United States, alliance
Malaga, 3, 20, 108
Mancomunitat, 130, 150
Manresa program, 127
Manzanares, Manifesto of, 100
Maranon, G., 149-50, 155, 158
Maria Cristina of Habsburg Lorraine, 113,115, 121
Maria Cristina of Naples, 82, 85, 88-90,104, 298
Maria Luisa of Parma, 65--66
Martin Artajo, A., 231, 238, 258
Martinez Anido, S., 139
Martinez Barrio, D., 170, 176, 181-82
Martinez Campos, A., 110, 122
Martinez de la Rosa, F., 79-80, 88, 90
Marxist Socialism, 131-32, 271; see also Socialist Workers' Party
Masonic Lodges, 71, 78, 80; see also Freemasons
Matute, A. M., 241
Maurin, J., 139
Mayorazgos, 79, 84, 93-94
Medina del Campo, 46
Mendizabal, J. Alvarez, 84-85, 88
Menendez Pidal, J., 228
Menendez Pidal, R., 125, 134, 149
Menorca, 44, 51
Mesta, 46, 60, 94
Miaja, J., 202
Milans del Bosch, A., 296
Militia, National, 80, 83, 85, 89, 91,101-2; Urban, 83-84
Militias, in Civil War, 193-94, 201-3
Millan Astray, J., 198
Millares, M., 242
Miro, J., 241
Moderado order, 93, 97-99, 111-12, 272-73,283, 301;
decline, 152, 198, 246-47, 260, 283
Moderado Party, 1820-23, 79-80; 1830s,83, 85, 298; after
1840, 87-91, 101, 113; create new order, 91-94, 137
Mola, E., 186, 188, 195
Moncloa Pact, 295
Monserrat, abbot of, 291
Moorish troops, 177, 189, 202
Moriscos, 39
Moscardo, J., 190
Moslems, 31, 37-40
Movimiento Nacional, 7-8, 211, 215, 287;see also Falange
Moyano, C., 103
Muñoz, F., 89-90, 95, 100, 104
Muñoz, Grandes, A., 6
Muñoz Torrero, D., 73
[307]
Mussolini, B., 141, 189, 200, 203, 208,216, 229
Napoleon, 69-70, 75, 282; see also War against Napoleon
Napoleon III, 95, 102
Narvaez, R. M., 98, 153; to 1851, 90-91,100; 1856-68, 103-5, 122
National Assembly, 143-44, 148, 150-51
Nationalists in Civil War, campaigns, 190, 196,203, 206-8; policies,
191, 195, 199-200
NATO, 297
Navarre, 3, 40-41; Community of, 300; and Carlists, 82,
272,274; population, 47; see also Fueros
Navarro Rubio, M., 22, 258-59
Negrin, J., 194, 205-9, 231
Nin, A., 139, 192, 206
Non-Intervention Committee, 200
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),25-26, 240
Numantia, 35
O'Donnell, L., 100-103, 105, 122
Olavide, P., 55-56, 59
Olivares, Count-Duke of, 43, 47
Opus Dei, to 1950, 226-27; 1951-57, 238,256-58; after 1957, 6-7, 22-23, 263
Orense, J. M. de, 102, 105
Organic Law of the State, 7-8, 287
Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 26, 259
Oriol, A. M. de, 290
Orovio, Marquis of, 124
Ortega y Gasset, J., 141-2, 149, 151, 155,158; view of Spanish history, 30-31, 33, 281, 304
Orwell, G., 201
Otero, B. de, 240-41
Parcelary concentration, 21, 249-50
Pardo, Pact of the, 115
Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista (POUM), 192, 203-6
Partit Socialist Unificat de Catalunya (PSUC), 192
Pavía, M., 110
Peasantry (pueblos),262-63,
267-70; before 1800, 46-47,63-64; 19th c., 91, 272-75,
282-83;1900-39, 134, 145, 167, 184, 199, 209-10;after
1940, 250-54, 277-81; see alsoWorkers, agricultural
Pedagogical missions, 165, 181
Pelayo, King, 37
Pereire brothers, 95, 120
Perez Galdos, B., 131
Philip (I) of Habsburg, 42
Philip II, 32, 39, 42, 44, 49
Philip III, 39
Philip IV, 43-4
Philip V, 44-45, 50, 52, 61
Philippine Islands, 78, 108, 127
Pi y Margall, F., 102, 105, 107-8, 110,127
Picasso, P., 134, 207, 241
Pinochet, A., 289
Piquer, A., 52
Pitt-Rivers, J., 268-70, 273-74, 276
Pla, E., 12, 13
Popular Action Party, 171, 213
Popular Front, 181-82, 184, 196, 212
Population, before 1900, 46-47, 60, 116-17;1900-70, 2,
20, 264-65, 275-76; see also Emigration
Portugal, 3, 25, 40, 44, 69, 289, 297
Prat de la Riba, E., 127, 130
Prieto, I., to 1930, 148, 155; in 2d Republic158, 166,
176, 180, 184-85, 187; in CivilWar,194, 204-7; after 1940, 17 231
Prim, J., 103-6, 108, 122, 267
Primo de Rivera, J. A., 179-80, 183, 186,198, 214, 216, 290
Primo de Rivera, M., 140-53, 158, 173,210, 256, 283;
as model for Franco,153, 213,215, 217, 220, 260;
pronunciamiento, 140-41, 152-53, 178,
Primo de Rivera, Pilar, 218
Progresista Party, 87, 97, 99, 272; 1836-40,85, 89-90, 298;
1841-53, 91; 1854-68, 100-102,105
Pronunciamiento, 92, 99; 1820, 79,81, 88; 1854, 100;
1866, 105; 1868,105; 1932, 170; 1936, 187-88; 1981, 296; see also Primo de Rivera, M.
Protestantism, 101, 114, 239
Pueblos--see Peasantry
Puerto Rico, 78, 108
Pyrenees, Peace of the, 43
Queipo de Llano, G., 189, 195
Quevedo, P., 72, 74
Radical Republican Party (Radicals), 1900-1910,129-30,
179; 1931-36, 157, 170, 178,181, 213; ministry of
1933-35, 174, 176
Radio Free Spain, 13, 17
Railroads, 95, 117-18, 211, 222-23, 242-43, 304
Ramon y Cajal, S., 125-26, 149
Recaredo, King, 37
Reconquest, 38, 40, 215
Redfield, H., 270
Referendum, 1947, 232; 1976, 293; 1978, 295
Reforestation, 21, 220-21, 248
Religion, influence, 36-40
Religious orders, 56-57, 84-86, 93, 161-62,164; and
education, 10, 56, 121, 252; see also Jesuits
Renovación Española, 176,182, 213
Republic, First, 107-10, 159, 263; Second,4, 154-210, 262, 282
Republican army in Civil War, 194, 199,202-9; see also Militias
Republican government in Civil War, 188,191-95, 199-209
Republican Left Party, 158, 182
Republican Union Party, 182
Republicans, 1869-74, 105, 107-10; 1876-1930,136, 148,
150-52; 1931-33, 155-71;1934-36, 176, 178, 181; after 1940, 231
Requetes, 179, 186, 189, 197, 202
Residencia de Estudiantes, 125, 149, 224
Revista de Occidente, 149
Revolution, of 1820, 79; of 1854, 99, 110,113, 282; of
1868, 99, 105, 110, 262, 282;of 1936, 193, 204-5, 209
Ridruejo, D., 18, 255-56
Riego, R., 79, 81, 88
Rio Tinto mines, 95, 131
Rioja, 300
Ríos, F. de los, 164
Roads, to 1939, 62, 117, 144-45; after 1940, 211, 243, 277, 279-80
Rodriguez Casado, V., 227
Roman Empire, influence of, 36, 40
Romanones, Count of, 150, 154, 156
[308]
Romero Robledo, F., 114
Rothschild, J. de, 95
Ruiz, Giménez, J., 238, 257
Sagasta, P. M., 114
Saguntum, 35
Salamanca, J. de, 95-96, 98, 100
Salinas, P., 166, 240
Salmerón, N., 124, 129
Salvador Merino, G., 218
Sanchez Albornoz, C., 32, 35, 42, 49, 281
Sanchez Guerra, J., 150-51, 154
Sanjurjo, J., 156, 170, 175, 186, 195
San Sebastian, 82; Pact of, 155, 157, 159
Sanz del Rio, J., 123
Sección Femenina (Falange), 217-18,228
Segura, P., 156, 239
Seguí, S., 139
Semanario erudito, 53
Señoríos, 57, 73,79, 84, 93-94
Serrano, F., 105-6, 110
Servicio de Investigación Militar (SIM), 206
Serviles, 73-75
Seville, 20-21, 61, 108, 146-47; Fair of 1992, 304
Sindicato Español Universitario (SEU), 15-- 16, 180, 218, 225, 255
Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE, Socialists),founded, 131; to
1919, 131-32, 136, 138; 1920-30, 138-39, 148, 150,
152;1931-33, 156-58, 166-69, 171; 1934-July 1936, 176,
178, 181, 183; in Civil War, 192, 203-5;1940-75,
16-17, 254; 1975-81, 294-96; after 1982, 297, 299
Socialist Youth, 179-80, 183, 187
Sofía, Queen, 292, 296, 299
Sol, El, 133
Solidaridad Obrera, 129-30
Solidaritat Catalana, 128-30
Solis Ruiz, J., 14
Sorolla, J., 126, 134
Sotillo, El (“Jaranda”), 277-79, 302-303
Spanish Empire, 42-43, 51, 60-61; after 1808, 71, 73-74, 77-78, 113
Spanish Regional Federation, 109
Stabilization Plan, 23-24, 259-60
Strikes, agricultural, 137, 175; industrial 19th c.,
101, 109; 1901-14, 129-30, 135-36; 1917-23, 136,
138-39; 1933-36,169, 176-78, 184-85; after 1950,
12-14, 235, 254, 256
Suanzes, J. A., 221
Suárez, A., 293-96, 299
Succession, Law of, 5, 232, 286
Serrano Suner, R., 214, 219, 229
Syndicates, 13-14, 215, 218-19, 233-35,238
Tapies, A., 241
Tariff, 1825, 94; 1842, 89; 1849, 97; 1869,108, 118,
126; 1891, 118-19; 1920s, 146;1950s, 244
Tejero, A. 296, 300
Telephones, 19-21, 121, 133, 279
Television, 19-20, 279-80
Teresa, Santa, 29, 48
Teruel, Battle of, 207
Tharrats, J. J., 241
Tierno Galvan, E., 15, 294
Toledo, 40, 190
Toleration, religious, 101, 114, 230
Topete, J. B., 105
Tovar, A., 18, 238
Traditionalists, 179, 196, 214; see also Carlists
Trafalgar, Battle of, 69
Tragic Week, 130-31, 135, 262
Tribunal of Public Order, 9
Turno Pacífico, 115, 297
UCD, (Union of the Patriotic Center), 294, 296, 299
Ullastres, A., 22, 258-59
Unamuno, M. de, to 1929, 125-26, 149; 1930-36,154,
158, 165, 198; view of Spanish history, 28-30, 33,
134, 267, 270-71, 304
Union General de Trabajadores (UGT), founded,131;
1888-1930, 132, 135-36, 148; in 2d Republic, 168,
175-77, 184; inCivil War, 192-93, 204, 206; and
peasants, 167-68, 196, 199
Union Militar Española, 186
Union Patriótica, 143, 148, 153,217
United Nations, and Spain, 231, 233, 240,284
United States, aid, 23, 233, 242, 244,247, 259-60;
alliance, 25, 236, 239; relations 1940s, 229, 231-33
Universities, 18th c., 55, 64; 19th c.,124, 151;
1923-30, 149, 151, 155; 1931-39, 165, 211; after 1940,
227, 251-52
University of Barcelona, 33
University of Madrid, 19th c., 104, 123-24;1930-39,
165, 202; after 1940, 15, 33, 224, 238, 257, 286
University of Salamanca, 15, 55, 64, 238
University students, 1931-36, 165, 179-80; after 1940,
224-25, 263; protests, 1864, 104, 1923-30, 149-51,
155; after1956, 15-16, 18-19, 255-56, 266, 285
Urgel, Canal of, 118
Utrecht, Peace of, 44
Uztariz, J. de, 52
Valencia (city), 108
Valencia (region), 3, 36, 40-41, 62, 296; Community of, 300; industry, 60, 94-95
Vales reales, 68, 71, 78
Valle de los Caidos, 290. 304
Valle Inclan, R. del, 126, 134
Velazquez, 48-49
Vergara, Peace of, 85-86, 88
Vicens Vives, J., 33
Villaescusa, E., 290
Visigoths, 30, 32, 37, 40
Vitoria, Battle of, 75
War, with France, 1793-95, 66-67; with Great Britain,
1796-1802, 68; with Great Britain, 1803-1808, 69; in
Morocco,4, 103, 122, 130, 140, 142; against Napoleon,
70-72, 75; Seven Years, 50;of Spanish Succession, 44;
with the United States, 1898, 113, 122, 125,127; of
U.S. Independence, 51; First World War, 120, 134-35,
137; SecondWorld War, 229, 233; see also Carlist War, Civil War
Weber, Max, 299
Wellington, Duke of, 71, 75
Westphalia, Treaty of, 43
Wheat Service, National, 220-21, 247, 278
Workers, 18-19, 104; in Civil War, 191,204; after
1940, 24, 236, 254; agricultural, 57-58, 129, 167-68,
264; industrial 19th c., 90, 101-2, 109, 129-30; early
20th c., 131, 135; in Civil War,193, 196; after 1940,
263; see also Strikes
Workers' commissions, 14--15, 285
Workers' Federation of the Spanish Region,128-29
Zaragoza, 21, 266
Zuloaga, I., 126, 134
Zurbaran, 48