[213] MUCH OF THE information presented in this book is based on serial data. Rather than explain in the endnotes the problems and methods peculiar to each of the quantitative studies, I append here a note on methodology, organized by chapter.
 

The prosopography of priests in Chapter 3 was compiled principally from three visitations of the diocese carried out in 1569, 1579-83, and 1589. Three separate alphabetical files of the clergy were created out of the visitations, and then the records from each visitation were linked by hand. The criteria for linking individuals' records were two separate matching characteristics other than name, for example, same date of birth, hometown, or university degree. Finally, priests' records were checked against such complementary sources Inquisition papers, cases in the episcopa curial, testaments, lists from synods, and so on.

The most complete and informative visitation was that of 1579-83. A typical entry made from the 1579-1583 visitation reads as follows:

"Pedro de Ocaña, bachelor of arts, Alcalá [de Henares]. Native of Huete, 38 years old. Ordained by the ordinary. Has title to patrimony. Exhibited his permits to serve as assistant priest with license from the vicar-general and examination by Dr. Paulo Hernández, Rector of the Society of Jesus in Cuenca. He is well liked and honest. (ADC, L-202, fol. 71r).

Table 3.1, which lists average annual incomes, represents both real and estimated income. In most cases, the diocesan inspector would give the actual value of the benefice, but in other instances, the value would be missing. For example, Juan López might receive 200 ducats a year from his parish living, and an unknown amount from a prestamera in another locality. In these instances, an estimated value for that type of benefice in that year, based on the mean of known values for that benefice type, was inserted.

[214]

Catechism knowledge was based on a study of 812 individuals tried by the Inquisition of Cuenca between 1540 and 1661. These defendants' cases represent only a portion of the total processed by the tribunal during these years. First, all cases involving priests, residents of the bishopric of Sigüenza and the priory of Uclés, and transients were excluded. My original goal was to canvass every case from the diocese of Cuenca between 1544 and 1661. After reviewing all cases through 1589, lack of time forced me to resort to sampling the remaining years and engaging a research assistant, A. Manuel Pinedo, to help make extracts of some 250 interviews. Unavailable at the time of this research (1979-81) were cases which remained uncatalogued, largely because they were in fragments. See D. Pérez Ramírez, Catálogo, for particulars of these cases.

To facilitate analysis, I devised a scoring method for catechism recitations. The court's secretary noted how well defendants said each prayer. Typical comments were "well said," "missed a few words of the --," "poorly said" or "missed many words," and "did not know --." On the basis of these comments, defendants could earn a maximum of three points per prayer recited, with three representing a perfect recitation, and zero for total failure. Thus an individual who could sign, and cross himself, recite correctly the Lord's Prayer and Hail Mary, and miss a few words of the Creed and Queen in Heaven would achieve a score of 16, two points shy of a perfect minimum score of 18. Although there were more parts to the catechism than this, conquenses always learned their catechism in the same order: the "Sunday prayers" first, and then the optional ones. No one knew optional prayers without also knowing their Sunday prayers.
 

The city of Cuenca preserves a good proportion of its early modern notarial records, which begin in 1505. The records for early years are spotty; preservation becomes better after 1540. Registers vary considerably in their organization; some notaries created indexes and organized their material by type of instrument (hats off to them!); others did nothing, not even bothering to number the leaves of a thousand-folio register. To study conquenses' pious bequests, I sampled every [215] tenth year between 1505 and 1645. Because of the lack of registers before 1545, adjacent years were searched for wills as well. Yearly sampling seemed best because it would reveal the full range of persons and notaries working in the city at a particular time. Final distribution was as follows:
 
 

Year	Testaments	% Ordering Masses	% Giving to Charity
1505	10	90	20
1515	8	100	25
1525	11	91	36
1535	15	100	27
1545	50	98	64
1555	35	100	57
1565	57	98	40
1575	46	98	28
1585	69	100	23
1595	61	100	21
1605	67	99	21
1615	63	100	17
1625	42	100	26
1635	47	100	11
1645	42	98	21
Total	623	98	27

Calculation of the Value of the Añal

The añal was a daily or weekly offering of bread, wax, wine, and other items which were placed on the grave for the period of one year following a person's death. As inflation took hold, testators began to stipulate the actual quantities of goods to be given (for example, two pounds of bread, a pint of wine). The cost of wine and wax could be easily eastimated from the price lists for New Castile established by E. J. Hamilton in American Treasure and the Price Revolution in Spain, 1500-1650 (Spanish ed., pp. 337-407). The cost of bread, however, presented some difficulty: a bushel of raw wheat may have been worth 200  [216] maravedis, but what did a loaf of bread cost? Lacking local information, I turned to a price table in Ida Altman, Emigrants and Society: Extremadura and America in the Sixteenth Century (Berkeley, 1989) pp. 28-31, which showed that between 1552 and 1577 the price of a two-pound loaf of bread varied between 2.5 and 3 percent of the cost of a bushel of wheat. I then applied this ratio to Cuenca.

[217]

The following is a guide to the diocese's religious orders but is not definitive.
 

Date	M/F	Order Founder/Patron	Advocation Location
		City of	Cuenca
1. 1180?-1313	M	Knights Templars  --	--  Suburbs
2. 1313	M	Franciscans OFM  --	San Francisco Campo de San Francisco
3. 1352	M	Hospitaler Order of Saint Anthony --	Nuestra Señora. de la Luz Suburbs
4. 1385	M	Calced Trinitarians --	Nuestra Señora del Remedio Suburbs
[218] 5. 1427/1684	M	Calced Mercedarians ?/Marquis of Cañete  (Possibly founded in 13th century)	Nuestra Señora de la Merced (Fuensanta until 1604, then Cuenca)
6. 1429-?	F	Franciscans OSC No mention in 1591 census	-- --
7. 1448	F	Benedictines Canon Pedro Arías de Bahamonde	Nuestra Señora de la Contemplación Calle de la Esperanza
8. ?-1500?	M	Conventual Augustinians --	Santa Cruz --
9. 1507	F	Franciscans OIC Canon Alvaro Pérez de Montemayor	Purísima Concepción Puerta de Valencia
10.1509	F	Justinians Canon Alfonso Ruiz	San Pedro Apóstol Plaza Mayor
11.1523	M	Dominicans Canon Juan del Pozo	San Pablo Suburbs
12. 1554-1767	M	Jesuits, college Canons Marquina, Pozo, Vergara	-- Calle de San Pedro
13. 1558	F	Cistercians Bishop Fresneda (1571)	Concepción Bernarda Calle de Santa Lucía  (Brought from Moya in 1558; see 40)
[219] 14. 1561	F	Franciscans OIC Canon Constantino del Castillo	Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe Calle de San Pedro (1587)
15. 1581	M	Discalced Franciscans Canons Parada and Venero	San Lorenzo Mártir Barrio del Castillo
16. 1585	M	Calced Augustinians --	Nuestra Señora del Socorro Carretería
17. 1603	F	Discalced Carmelites Isabel de San Josef	San Josef Plaza del Trabuco (Brought from Huete; see 73 below.)
18. 1613	M	Disclaced Carmelites Bishop Andrés de Pacheco	Santo Angel del Custodio Suburbs
		Diocese	of Cuenca
19. 1138	M	Cistercians --	Nuestra Señora de Monsalud Córcoles
20. 1174	M	Augustinian canons Alfonso VIII	Santiago Uclés
21. 1206-1312	M	Knights Templars --	-- Huete
[220] 22. 1252	F	Franciscans OSC Doña Mayor Guillén de Guzmán	Santa Clara San Miguel del Monte (Moved in 1384 to Alcocer)
23. 1252	M	Franciscans OFM --	San Francisco Alcocer (Switched in 1384 with the nuns; returned to Alcocer in 1570)
24. 1252	M	Mercedarians Brother Pere de Amer	Nuestra Señora de la Merced Huete
25.1298	M	Benedictines --	San Benito Huete
26. 1313?	M	Hospitaler Order of Saint John --	-- Huete
27. 1326	M	Calced Augustinians Infante Don Juan Manuel de Lara	San Agustín Castillo de Garci Muñoz
28. 1335	F	Dominicans Infante Don Juan Manuel de Lara	Santa Catalina de Siena El Alberca (Marquis of Villena moved in 1460 to Belmonte)
29. 1340	M	Franciscans OFM  Counts of Acuña	San Francisco Huete
[221] 30. 1345	M	Calced Carmelites Infante de la Cerda	Nuestra Señora del Carmen Requena
31. 13??	M	Mercedarians --	San Ramón Utiel
32. 13??	M	Mercedarians, hospice --	-- Gascueña
33. 1425	M	Dominicans --	Santo Domingo Huete
34. 1435 M	M	Augustinians Señora Catalina López Restored in 1500 by Leonor González	Nuestra Señora de la Gracia Castillo de Garci Muñoz
35. 1462	M	Franciscans OFM Marquis of Villena	Pasión de Nuestro Señor Belmonte
36. 1477	M	Franciscans OFM Count of Paredes (see also 56)	-- Valverde
37. 1490	F	Franciscans OSC (No mention in Relaciones or 1591 census)	-- BelmonteBelmonte
[222] 38. 1491	M	Franciscans OFM Juan Chacón (Appears to have failed and been refounded in 1564; see 55)	-- Villanueva de la Jara
39. 1499	M	Augustinians --	Nuestra Señora del Puerto Salmerón
40. 1499-1558	F	Cistercians --	Purísima Concepción Moya (Moved to Cuenca in 1558; see 13)
41. 1503	M	Franciscans OFM Town council	Santa María de Gracia San Clemente
42. 1504	M	Trinitarians Marquis of Moya (Based on an earlier foundation)	Nuestra Señora de Tejeda Garaballa
43. 1504	M	Dominicans Marquis of Moya	Santa Cruz Carboneras
44. 1511/21	F	Franciscans OSC Confraternity	La Misericordia Huete
45. 1523	M	Franscicans OFM Count of Cifuentes	Nuestra Señora de los Angeles Escamilla
[223] 46. 1523	F	Franciscans OSC Martín Ruiz de Villamediana	Nuestra Señora de la Asunción San Clemente
47. 1525	F	Franciscans OIC Count of Priego	Nuestra Señora del Rosal Priego
48. 1535	M	Dominicans Bishop Sebastián Ramírez	Santa Cruz Villaescusa de Haro
49. 1543	F	Justinians Bishop Antonio Ramírez de Haro	Santa María de Jesús Villaecusa de Haro
50. 1549	M	Franciscans OFM Town Council	Purísima Concepción Iniesta
51. 1549/53	M	Trinitarians The order	Nuestra Señora de los Remedios Fuensanta, La Roda
52. 1550?	F	Dominicans Father and three daughters	Santísima Trinidad  Uclés
53. 1558-1767	M	Jesuits, college Doña Francisca de León with town	-- Belmonte
54. 1563?	M	Calced Trinitarians Don Antonio del Castillo Puertocarrero, lord of the town	Nuestra Señora de la Concepción Santa María del Campo
[224] 55. 1564	M	Franciscans OFM The town	Dulce Nombre de Jesús Villanueva de la Jara
56. 1565	M	Franciscans OFM Don Jorge Ruiz de Alarcón, lord of Valverde	San Francisco Valverde
57. 1567-1767	M	Jesuits, college and house Don Juan Pacheco de Silva and Doña Jerónima de Mendoza, Lords of Villarejo de Fuentes	-- Villarejo de Fuentes
58. 1569	M	Franciscans OFM The town	Nuestra Señora de la Gracia Requena
59. 1569	M	Franciscans OFM House of the Marquis of Cañete	La Concepción San Lorenzo de la Parrilla
60. 1569	M	Discalced Carmelites The town	Nuestra Señora de Altomira Mazarulleque (Huete) (In 1600 moved to Uclés)
61. 1569	M	Franciscans OFM --	Santos Apóstoles Alcocer (see 23)
62. 1570-1767	M	Jesuits, college Esteban Ortiz, priest	-- Huete
[225] 63. 1572	M	Discalced Carmelites Doña Catalina de Cardona and the Princess of Eboli	Nuestra Señora del Socorro La Roda (In 1603 moved to Villanueva de la Jara)
64. 1576	F	Justinians Canon Marcos de Parada	Jesús y María Huete
65. 1576	M	Discalced Franciscans Count of Priego	San Miguel de la Victoria Priego
66. 1578	F	Franciscans OSC Regidor and wife	Santa Clara Villanueva de la Jara
67. 1580	F	Discalced Carmelites Saint Teresa of Avila	Santa Ana Villanueva de la Jara
68. 1581	F	Calced Trinitarians Canon	-- San Clemente
69. 1584	F	Franciscans OIC Alonso Severo, resident	Purísima Concepción Belmonte
70. 1584	M	Calced Carmelites --	Santa Ana El Alberca
71. 1586	F	Franciscans OSC Doña Isabel de Pacheco	Asunción de Nuestra Señora San Clemente
[226] 72. 1587-1630	M	Franciscans OFM Husband and wife, then the Marquis of Moya	-- Moya  (Moved to Elche in 1630)
73. 1588	M	Calced Carmelites --	Nuestra Señora del Carmen Valdeolivas
74. 1588-1603	F	Discalced Carmelites Doña Isabel Coello de Guzmán	San José Huete (Burned down and relocated in Cuenca; see 17)
75. 15??	M	Augustinians (Founded before 1591 census)	-- Priego
76. 1590	M	Franciscans OFM Doña María Portocarrero, lord of Valera de Abajo	San Francisco Valera de Abajo
77. 1596	M	Disclaced Franciscans --	Nuestra Señora del Rosario Buendía
78. 1598	F	Calced Trinitarians Estebán Galiano	-- La Roda
79. 15??	M	Discalced Augustinians --	-- Campillo de Altobuey
[227] 80. 15??	M	Discalced Franciscans --	Angel del Custodio Torrejoncillo del Rey
81. 1600	F	Discalced Carmelites --	San Joseph y Santa Ana Valera de Abajo (In 1617, moved to San Clemente)
82. 1613	M	Jesuits, college Town council	-- San Clemente
83. 162?	F	Discalced Carmelites --	Nuestra Señora del Carmen Uclés
84. 1630	F	Franciscans OSC Marquis of Moya	Santa Clara Moya (Brought from Elche)
85. 1631	F	Discalced Augustinians Pedro de Cartagena	San Joseph Requena
86. 1643	F	Franciscans OIC Antonio de Iniesta and María de Cuenca	La Concepción Villarejo de Fuentes

[228]

1. Curas' and Assistants' Education, by Community Size
 
 

		Number	of	Households
	Over 500	300-499	100-299	1-99
Education	No.    %	No.    %	No.     %	No.     %
Curas
Latin	40	39	41	40
University, 1-2 years	4	0	2	2
University, 3-5 years	1	11	2	5
Bachelor's	17	12	24	15
Licentiate	29	25	19	28
Doctorate	9	9	6	7
2 degrees	3	52	6	3
Total	94 (100)	65 (101)	155 (100)	117 (100)
Assistants
Latin	66	58	65	70
University, 1-2 years	7	11	4	5
University, 3-5 years	10	7	13	6
Bachelor's	14	17	14	14
Licentiate	3	7	0	5
Doctorate	0	0	2	0
2 degrees	0	1	2	0
Total	181 (100)	76 (100)	117 (100)	132 (100)

2. Subjects Studied by Curas and Assistants While at the University
 
 

		Number	of	Households
	Over 500	300-499	100-299	1-99
Subjects Studies	No.    %	No.    %	No.    %	No.    %
Curas
Arts	6	0	3	13
Canon Law	36	52	42	27
Theology	55	40	52	60
Miscellaneous	3	8	3	0
Total	(36) 100	(25) 100	(57) 100	(40) 100
Assistants
Arts	19	13	9	16
Canon Law	60	50	67	68
Theology	17	37	24	16
Miscellaneous	4	0	0	0
Total	(53)  100	(30) 100	(33) 100	(25)  100

3. Evaluation of Curas' and Assistants' Effectiveness, by Community Size
 
 

			Number	of	Households
		300+			1-299
Evaluation	No.	%	%	No.	%	%
Curas
Professional
Preaches Well		7			4
Learned		29			24
Peacemaker		0			0
Competent		7	43		2	30
Serves; nothing against		32	32		45	45
Faulty doctrine		6			5
Incompetent		9			8
Irresponsible		10	25		13	26
Total	(69)	100	100	(105)	101	101
Personal
Virtuous, recogido		31			42
Well-liked		10			11
Honest, upright		20	61		13	66
Serves; nothing against		17	17		11	11
Breaks celibacy vows		15			17
Disliked		3			3
Gambles		3			0
Corrupt		0	21		3	23
Total	(59)	99	99	(78)	100	100
Percentage changing residence		10			15
Percentage changing for better position (winning their curato)		71			72
Assistants
Professional
Preaches well		0			0
Learned		3			6
Peacemaker		3			0
Competent		5	11		0	6
Serves, nothing against		75	75		79	79
Faulty doctrine		12			2
Incompetent		2			13
Irresponsible		0	14		0	15
Total	(90)	100	100	(53)	100	100
Personal
Virtuous, recogido		22			21
Well-liked		12			39
Honest, upright		37	71		23	83
Serves; nothing against		8	8		4	4
Breaks celibacy vows		8			10
Disliked		8			1
Gambles		2			1
Corrupt		2	20		0	12
Total	(107)	99	99	(77)	99	99
Percentage changing residence		12			30
Percentage changing for better position (winning an assistantship		51			33

1. Catechism Proficiency, by Occupational Group: Scores of 18 Points or Higher (n=709)
 

Occupation	No.	%	Occupation	No.	%
Teachers	5	100	Weavers	17	71
Rentiers, hidalgos	37	91	Tailors	20	70
Medical services	16	88	Metalworkers	26	69
Lawyers, accountants	16	81	Retailers	37	68
Servants	27	81	Laborers	129	65
Merchants	28	68	Law enforcement	25	64
Dyers	13	77	Leatherworkers	28	54
Farmers	200	72	Transportation	27	52
Carders	41	71	Construction	22	45

2. Score by Occupation and Community Size: Scores of 18 Points or Higher (n=739)
 

		Number	of	Households
Occupation	1-99 &	100-299 %	300-499 &	500-999 %	1,000+ %
1. Nobles, rentiers,  professionals, merchants	100	92	81	94	75
2. Shopkeepers, artisans	31	73	83	77	56
3. Farmers	58	81	89	71	50
4. Day laborers, shepherds	75	78	71	60	47
5. All others	42	65	95	71	60