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| 1208 James I born at Montpellier | 1202-4 Constantinople falls to Fourth Crusade |
| 1212 Las Navas battle cripples Almohad Spain
1213 Muret battle: Peter the Catholic killed 1217 St. Fernando III, Alfonso's father, begins rule; James begins actual rule |
1209-29 Main Albigensian Crusade
1210 University of Paris charter 1212 Children's Crusade; Rheims cathedral begins 1214 Bouvines battle 1215 England's Magna Carta; Ghengis Khan in Peking; Fourth Lateran Council 1216 Innocent III dies |
| 1220 James marries Leonor of Castile, aunt of Fernando III
1221 Alfonso X the Learned born at Toledo 1225 James fails to conquer Islamic Peñiscola 1227 James triumphs over barons: Alcala Peace 1229 James invades, conquers Majorca (Minorca tributary 1232, Ibiza 1235) |
1220 Frederick II Hohenstaufen crowned emperor
1221 St. Dominic dies 1223 Philip Augustus of France dies 1225 Thomas Aquinas born 1225-28; Frederick II wars with Lombard towns 1226 St. Francis of Assisi dies; Louis VIII invades Provence, sieges Toulouse, dies 1227-29 Fifth Crusade |
| 1230 Alfonso IX of Leon dies; definitive union with Castile
1232 James begins Valencian Crusade; Ramon Llull born 1234 Navarre to French dynasty; Ramon de Penyafort begins Decretals of Gregory IX 1236 Fernando III conquers Islamic Cordova 1238 Valencia city falls to James 1239 Navarre Crusade to Holy Land |
1233 Origins of medieval Inquisition
1237-41 Mongols invade Europe 1239-50 Frederick II vs. papacy |
| 1240 James's son Peter the Great born
1241-44 Alfonso takes Islamic Murcia 1244 Alfonso marries Violante, James's daughter ; Almizra treaty between Alfonso and James; Islamic Játiva falls to James 1245 Biar falls: end of Valencian Crusade 1246 Islamic Jaén falls to Castilians 1248 Islamic Seville falls to Castilians; al-Azraq revolt in Valencia |
1240 Painter Cimabue born
1240,1241 Alexander Nevsky's victories over Swedes and Teutonic Knights 1242-43 Henry III of England invades Occitania (southern "France") 1244 Jerusalem finally lost for Europe 1245 First ecumenical Council of Lyons 1246 Charles of Anjou marries heiress of Provence |
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| 1251 Calila e Digna, Alfonso's translation from Arabic fiction
Kalila wa-Dimna
1252 Fernando III dies, as he plans African invasion ;Alfonso X the Learned begins rule; Sancho born to Alfonso 1253 Alfonso's war with Portugal 1254 Alfonso founds Latin-Arabic university at Seville 1255 Fuero real published 1255-59 Baronial revolt against Alfonso 1255(-60?) Alfonso's Especulo redacted 1257 Alfonso elected Holy Roman Emperor, attempts to validate claim until 1275 1258 Corbeil treaty with France surrenders James's claim on Occitania (southern "France") ; Second al-Azraq war in Valencia |
1250 Frederick II dies;Sixth Crusade: Louis IX fails in Egypt and is
captured
1253 Grosseteste dies 1254 Sorbonne founded 1256 Venice vs. Genoa "Hundred years' war" 1256-73 Great Interregnum in Empire 1258 Mongols destroy Abbassid Caliphate 1259 Sculptor Nicola Pisano finishes Pisa pulpit |
| 1261 Valencian Furs code revised, confirmed
1262 Astronomy researches at Toledo, for Alfonso; Prince Peter of Aragon marries Hohenstaufen heiress Costanza 1263-65 Muslim revolts in Andalusia, Murcia, Valencia 1265 Islamic Cádiz falls 1266 Granada an Islamic tributary of Castile; James helps Alfonso reconquer Murcia 1269 James's abortive Crusade to the Holy Land; Baronial revolt in Castile |
1260 Mamluks stop Mongols: battle of Goliath Springs; Meister Eckhart,
mystic, born; Chartres cathedral consecrated
1260-94 Kublai Khan rules Mongols 1261 Genoese power entrenches on Black Sea and in Constantinople 1261-73 Aquinas's Summa theologica 1261-80 Michael Paleologos rules restored Byzantium 1262, 1268 Battles of Benevento and Tagliacozzo seal Hohenstaufen fate, give Charles of Anjou victory in Italy 1264 Vincent of Beauvais dies 1265 Dante born |
| 1270 Alfonso's Crinica general begins
1272 Baronial revolt in Castile 1274 James's triumph at second ecumenical Council of Lyons 1275 James's barons revolt; Ramon de Penyafort dies; Alfonso's heir Fernando dies; Alfonso surrenders claim to be Holy Roman Emperor 1276 Alfonso's Ordenamiento de las tafurerías; Invasion of Castile by Morocco; Muslim revolt in Valencia; French invasion of Castile; James dies on Valencian ontier 1279 Alfonso's Cantisas de Santa |
1270 St. Louis IX dies on Tunis (Seventh) Crusade
1274 Thomas Aquinas dies; Second ecumenical Council of Lyons 1275 Marco Polo in China 1276 Giotto born |
| 1280 Alfonso's General estoria
1281 Castilian civil war 1282 Alfonso deposed, Sancho IV rules 1282-1302 Peter of Aragon invades, takes Sicily in War of the Vespers 1283 Alfonso's Libra de ajedrez 1284 Alfonso the Learned dies at Seville 1285 French Crusade invades realms of Aragon ; Philip IV Fair comes to French throne ; Peter of Aragon dies |
1284 Meloria battle: Venice breaks the power of Pisa
1289 Block printing, Ravenna |
| 1291 Alfonso III of Aragon dies
1291-1327 James II of Aragon 1295 Alfonso X's son and successor Sancho IV dies |
1290 England expels Jews
1291 Acre falls: last of Crusader Holy Land; Genoese Vivaldi brothers try to sail around Africa to India 1294 Roger Bacon dies 1295 England conquers Scotland; Model Parliament 1298 Marco Polo to Genoa prison, writes memoirs |